Women in Ancient India

The position and role of the person in any society is based on common-sense social values ​​and ideals. No status can be permanent and permanent. As time passes, social conditions change. As well as traditional ideals and values, there is a sense of security. The historians of 19th century believe Baicofen and Margan Matrassatta as the patriarchate. According to the Shough of the University of Massachusetts, for 500 million years there was only the world of women.1 FM Madak has claimed that he has researched the status and marital status of women in 570 tribes. It seems that the matrilineal method was found in those tribes. Which is dependent on horticulture. During the period of the Yadava culture of human development, when life was the lifelong goal of life, The role of a parallel female at that time was somewhat dual. In the necessity of conception and reproduction, the woman had to face the same circumstances that men would face. Apart from facing potential threats in the absence of a man on the victim, he had no other option. In the hunting also, women played dual role, and after hunting, they had equal partners in bringing them. The labor and time expansions in the maintenance of human infant have reduced the opportunities for women and blocked the way for new exploration for themselves. With the entry into the agricultural life, the life-span of life has subsided.Along with conflict from nature, along with nature's cooperation, the path of development of life has spread. Knitting according to the scientists and archaeologists, Farming was invented by spinning and small spade. Devi Prasad Chattopadhyay writes in the book 'Lokayat' that in the early stage of agriculture, the dominance of women and men on the level of God has vomited. The woman went ahead and the man was pushed back in the background or at least it had to be forced to imitate the woman. According to JD Barnala, the task of women was to collect food items,So they probably only discovered agriculture. Where there is more importance than the prey, the agriculture got the level of food for women and instead of running the inheritance, according to Pitrukul, the trend of running inheritance was increased and it was reversed. According to Pitrukul, the trend of running inheritance was first started in the hunting phase. In only those places where animal husbandry was the main occupation, such as patriarchal society system was established in areas around the agricultural settlements. The need for human labor for agriculture establishes the importance of woman's reproductive capacity. The fertility of earth and woman was accepted. The concept of property developed along with rights on the earth. With the knowledge of his creative potential, the man started coming to the ground with the importance of motherhood. Tools, Tools, Applications of Hull, Knowledge of the creative ability of men in the creation of agro-materials, land acquisition, and childbirth enhanced the male power.Desiring to give the wealth of his descendants and his descendants, he prepared the land for patriarchy. This desire was an important weapon of male power for women and women on rights to resources. Marriage institution has become mandatory for the right to inherit authority on earth and to the right of women. 3 The man accepted neither the woman nor the woman in childhood, neither in the childhood, nor the woman accepted as a passive and disabled partner. The maintenance of which was done by the man in the same manner as the care of livestock and land. In the long run, the menstrual cycle of menstruation went deeper against the woman. In the development of civilizations, the world's civilized civilization, Social norms for women have always been transformed in culture and traditions. In ancient Greek and Roman empires, women were regarded as the property of men. Socrates considered the woman's love more frightening than the hatred of men, while Aristotle described the male as the best woman. Trivan said that the woman is cursed forever for follow and obedience. Wisdom and conscience were not expected of it. The aristocracy of Greece said that prostitutes entertained them, The sub-wives protect the day-to-day health and the wives give birth to their legitimate children, and also the self-respecting householder. In ancient Japan, women were completely deprived of prayers and other religious rights. Even in ancient China, he did not have the right to enter the temple.The people of Spain used to take the vows that they would not escape from the evil women and in the temptation of beautiful women. The ancient inhabitants of Italy used to say that it is necessary to adjust the horse as it is, just as it is necessary for a woman to be good or to discipline her. The attitude of ancient Arabs towards women was even more cruel.In the Arab society, the birth of a woman was considered inauspicious and the people there used to have buried the daughters alive. In the long history of Indian tradition, the situation of the woman is not always the same. In the literary texts, the unique divine Two parts of the form were given the name of husband and wife. At the beginning of creation, Prajapati produced a woman from half an inheritance of man and half of her self. His status changed in historical development, before he became a man's half-maternal grandfather, then a friend, a companion and a house of conduct and finally made a slave and a slave. Historians have accepted the ideal system of Vedic society system. Based on the Vedic Sutras, this period has been a period of pride for women. They had social and religious status similar to men. In the Satpath Brahmin, the woman is said to be a man's half-woman and in the Atreya Brahmin the woman is said to be 'Jaya'. According to the Mahabharata, the housewife is literally called Home, without the Housewife, the house is like forest. Women should always be worshiped, where women have respect, All the deities there are happy and wherever they are insulted, all the actions are meaningless. In the Rig Code, the wife has been called the husband's 'name'.The wife has been told to be a good man and the relationship between the two is considered as love and glee, because it gives money and praise. Wife is said to be male, so it has been said that her husband is born in a womb. The Mahabharata has also written that women are the Goddess of prosperity, a person seeking prosperity should respect them. Manusmriti clearly states that where women are worshiped,There, gods worship and where women are not worshiped, all the work there is in vain. It has been further mentioned that in the total the insult of the women, the total destruction becomes total. According to Varahamihir, women are lucky in the field and therefore they should be respected. People who see the faults in their character are themselves inferior and their thoughts are not motivated by harmony, in fact women are sacred in all respects. Kalidas has accepted the woman's power as 'a friend of consenting and solitary confidentiality'. In the Mahabharata meaning to wife, The origin of religion and work has been told. Propagation of childhood was an important requirement of the Vedic era. As a result, the role of woman in the form of a mother became very important and central. Mother's place was considered superior to wife Mother's significance was accepted even in the concept of Goddess. The importance of maternity was given importance in divinity. But in the Rigvedic religion, men had the primacy of expressions.In the Sandhu civilization, Mother Goddess was considered equal to his male companion, Adishiv, but the wives of Vedic period Aditi, Usha, Saraswati, Bharati, Ida were given the following positions from men. But in the Goddess called Aditi, the whole universe, country, time is said to be contained in all.Describing the importance of mother, Basist says that the honor of Acharya is more than the ten Upadhyayas, the glory of the father increases from the hundred Acharyas, But the mother's glory is more than one thousand fathers. In Vedic literature, conflicting facts arise in relation to the level of the son in the birth of the daughter and in the upbringing of her. In the Upanishad, the Kanya birth has been honored by saying 'Dukhi in the dhyita', and happiness is expressed on the origin of beautiful girls in Varaah Ghar-Sutra. Here in some verses of the girl there is also an expression of affection for the daughter and the expression of the relationship between her husband and her daughter has been expressed by the likeness of the earth. A ritual is mentioned for the wishing of the birth of a desperate daughter in the Upanishads of the Vulgarayak. But in Atharvaveda it has been said that our son is born here and the daughter is born in some other house. It is further said that after the son, the son is born and not the girl's daughter. According to the statutory code, the father happily If he was a daughter, he would have kept him lying there. In Aitreya Brahman, the origin of the daughter is considered to be the cause of a sad grief.But in the future, there was some increase in the desire for the Aryans towards girls. With the wishes of the son in the Vradharnayak Upanishad, daughter's birth has been honored. The Varah Gharasutra has been told that during the birth of the good children especially the beautiful daughters, bride, dandhi, gaumi, etc. used to express their happiness. By the time of the postmortem era and epic period, the wishes of the son started becoming very strong. Due to the need of the son in the society that daughters Kanyadan is comparable to Godan, the responsibilities of the birth, protection of the girl in the society, after the marriage, the daughter going to the house of another in the house, There was less happiness than getting a cow in the house. The meeting and committee in Atharvaveda has been called the daughter of Prajapati. Ideal political institutions have been compared to the daughters, not to the sons, but for the gallows of the potholes, it was a crisis for their parents and husband's three clans. By the time of Manusmrity, the status of the girl reached its lowest position and control and bondage became hardened.Manu has treated the daughter as the son. Narada and Jupiter, in the absence of a son, tell the son of a daughter as the child of the father, the inheritance of property. Some verses in the Vedas underscore that education for the girls was considered inevitable and important. An educated girl should be married to a groom who is as educated as her. Rigveda and Atharva Veda have names of 25 rishis, they are the watcher of 422 chants. Speech, Ambrani, Ghosh, Apala, Urvashi, Indrani, Sachi, Romesh, Shraddha, Kamayani, Yami, Vaishwati etc. are prominent sages. The statement of Lopamudra in Rigveda (1.179.2) is equally granular that the goddess Rishis who have practiced truth also initiated the race, they were not even Brahmacharya till the end of life, they also had wives. Vedic woman is not submissive and absorbent; she speaks openly, Lopamudra also speaks openly to her sage husband, and is such a Rishika, Indranati. Indranani says that 'I am the idol, I'm a loud speaker. ' In another verse, Roma's proclamation is that as the sheep of the Gandhara region are filled with the Romans, I am full of virtues. In the religious period, the social and religious status of women was slightly lower than the Rig Vedaic period. In the Atreya Brahmin, the girl is told the cause of concern. In the Girlfriend Code, the woman is placed in the category of gaming and temple. In the Satpath Brahmin women have been told false. On many occasions, speech of educated women and women with Shudra has been shown to be unfair.Considering the woman as an exemplary, Brahmin has been mentioned in the Ghar Sutra, Dhrmasmasutra Smriti and Puranas with Shudra. The woman has been declared a lifelong slave in the hierarchy. According to Manu and Yajnavalvaya, the woman is never free, As long as the virgin lives the father protects her husband in her youth and controls the son in old age. The woman is never worthy of freedom. It has been said that men always keep women under their control. In the past, husband's domination continued to grow.Husband began to be considered the god of wife.Manu has taught the woman to devitalize her husband. Even in Ramayana and Mahabharata, there are indications that husband is considered to be godlike. At the same time, the woman will be worshiped, who also acts as a god like the deceptive, kami and lampla Shilagunya Vidya Unhappy husband.It is said in the Tithari Code that a virtuous woman, It is also fond of the mischievous husband. In the patriarchal society divided into classes of Rome, women and slaves were kept in the same category.Similarly in India, women and shudras were kept in the same category. In many passages of Sanskrit texts, there is a mention of equal behavior with women and shudras. In the late nineteenth, they did not have the right to read Vedas and participate in Vedic rituals.The first mention of equal understanding of women and shudras is found in the cathapatra Brahman, about the sixth century BC. But it is confirmed from the pre-Gupta and Gupta texts that women were of Shudras, who belonged to the Khadmati class; The class was considered and was under the control. This was the same woman who was distinguished in the Vedic age as a queen in the house. The religious rituals had access to the authority. Some women have been found sacrificing in Rigvedic debt. In Rig Veda there is a mention of a girl who offers Somaras to Lord Indra in Yagya. Women were considered as Ameyes only in the state of roses. Later, due to this type of contamination every month, it was understood to be permanently called Amedya for Yajna. Disqualification of women and marriage relations with non-verbal women by Arya would also have been a major reason for excommunication of wife. These non-viable wives could make many mistakes in the Vedic rituals. For this reason, it was considered desirable to snatch the right of yagna. Kailashchandra Jain is of the opinion that due to the promotion of child marriage in the eighth century BC, the practice of deputation in women started getting obsolete. In the absence of depiction, women became known as Shudra and the right of sacrifice and mantra was stripped. According to the Parashar memory of the 7th-8th century, punishment for killing of Shudra and woman will be similar. In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna speaks of his salvation by telling a woman, Vaishya or Shudra as an animal of inferiority. According to the Sankhyan Ghar Sutra, Vedas are forbidden to women and Shudra. In the Sanskrit dramas and epics, women and Shudra characters are shown speaking Sanskrit. The Kadambari of Banabhatti, the noble character of Shriharsa and the identity of Kalidas, the female and lower caste people use the Prakrit language in Shakuntala, While the dynasty of Sanskrit Even in Buddhism, according to the rules, the devotee also had to remain subject to the latest trained monk.According to Ramsharan Sharma, it seems to be a common symptom of all the ancient class divided societies, where the male and female priests and the warriors are dominated by small businessmen and productive workers, women and labor class in the society in the same category Were kept. In Vedic times, the husband had no right to kill or harass his wife.According to the Mahabharata, according to Mahavapa and unprotected crime, women have been treated as Brahmachhta and Gauhati. Husband had no right to give and sell to the wife, But there is a need to mention the giving of the daughters to the maid girls in the gifts to the kings. Husband had got the right to torture his wife in some situations. According to Kautilya, the wife can be persecuted to keep her in discipline. Manu also instructed the husband to punish him for committing the crime of his wife. In spite of having a wife in her husband's husband, she had the right to marry another woman and to renounce her family. Wife's drunkenness, cruelty, unfavorable, sick, weary, And he could have been abandoned when he was a wanderer. But it was compulsory for her to repay her husband when she left her. 9 When Jupiter disowned his beloved father, Juhu, he went to the jury without distracting. At the behest of the judges, at the time of the atonement of wife's sacrifice, Jupiter was again in the house-building. The depiction of women's position in Buddhist literature is not appreciable. His social and educational rights were reduced in Buddhist times. The people of Choulwagga know that Mahatma Buddha was against the entry of women into the union and for the first time he had clearly refuted his nurturing Prajapati Gautami in the Sangh but when in consultation with the joy, Buddha gave Gautami the union With permission to enter Parvājā, it became extremely turbulent and disturbed and till the prediction of destruction of Sandhya Was cast. At the same time they also made strict rules regarding women's behavior. According to this rule, the monk is considered as inferior to his fellow monks. Buddha was always skeptical towards women, They often used to say with joy that where the Nariyoans leave the house and enter the Sandha, the religion is not stable.In the social stratification, compared to the higher castes, Shudra women received relatively more independence. Due to the classification based on Brahminic structure, there was a difference in women's situation. It is known from the Buddhist Dharmasutra that there were economic reasons.According to Buddhanayan, it is not possible to subdue Vaishya and Shudra women due to being in the service of agriculture and services. The women from the lower castes used to work at both places outside of the house, so there was no reliance on her husband. On the contrary, the separation of the upper castes from production activities was the reason for their dependence on the husbands of their women. At the same time, the upper caste women lacked authority over their husbands' property, which was also the main reason that the dependence of women of upper caste increased on her husband. Women self estatesConsidering they were denied the succession. In the Vedic age, despite the social status of the woman being extremely good, her social rights were neglected. It is mentioned in Rig Veda that the brother did not give any part to his sister in heritage. There are indications of some such examples from this time that it is clear that in the beginning of the Vedic age, women had the right to property. In the codes, the acceptance of the wife has been accepted as the owner of the household items. The woman would have received a certain part of her wealth, which had only her right. Women could also donate donations to Brahmins. But, at the end of the Vedic age, it is known that the wife was the heiress of her husband's right. After determining to take the retirement of Yagnavalkya, a wife Maitreya was asked to do a property portfolio with the second wife Katyayani. In the Rigvedic period, there were some special reasons for the woman being deprived of the property and the rights of the government. He was the property officer who was able to protect him from powerful enemies. Since this work was not for the woman's rights, her funding rights were not recognized. It is mentioned in the Thyagotha ​​that Sundri's mother forbids her daughters to enter the Buddhist Union so that they could be the heiress of the entire father's property, because she had become a monk (Therigotha ​​- 327), Buddharanastam, The girl in Gautam and Mahabharata is given a higher position than the other sons in the absence of the son of Aasus.Narada also said that Diphita was the only sufferer in the absence of sons. Katyayana has considered unmarried girl as 'Khichahar' in the absence of her wife. In the absence of the son, Jupiter has considered the daughter as a daip. But Manu has not given the collective rights while declaring women as a dependent. Women only have the right to femininity, which meant that they were given the clothes given by their relatives, Gems and gifts of such movable property could take gifts and gifts. In fact, only the upper and the rich women could take advantage of this. Later the situation was changed and they were counted as property. In many paragraphs, women are treated as movable property. Some quotations from Rigveda and Mahabharata show that the husband's wife had complete control over the body and she could give it as much as she wishes. Using this right, Yudhishthira had put Draupadi on the dowry in gambling. This implication of the word 'couple' used in the Vedic era is that in civilized families, the wife is treated as equal husband in the same property as her husband. On the occasion of marriage, husband pledged that he would not neglect his wife's rights and interests in financial affairs. But the principle of joint family has little benefit for women. Her only subsistence The husband got the right to receive the damages Manusmriti said that without arranging proper maintenance of his wife, husband can not travel anywhere. If a man marries another wife and marries another, then proper arrangements should be made for the maintenance of such a first woman.Although early lawmakers have allowed the wife to go to the state court against her husband, even then scientists like Vaishneshwar have emphasized that if a husband abandons his sage wife or kidnaps his property, then he is present in the court. Might be possible. Nirukat also shows that sometimes women used to go to court to prove their rights. So proper arrangements should be made for the maintenance of such a first woman. Although early lawmakers have allowed the wife to go to the state court against her husband, even then scientists like Vaishneshwar have emphasized that if a husband abandons his sage wife or kidnaps his property, then he is present in the court. Might be possible. Nirukat also shows that sometimes women used to go to court to prove their rights. So proper arrangements should be made for the maintenance of such a first woman. Although early lawmakers have allowed the wife to go to the state court against her husband, even then scientists like Vaishneshwar have emphasized that if a husband abandons his sage wife or kidnaps his property, then he is present in the court. Might be possible. Nirukat also shows that sometimes women used to go to court to prove their rights.