Second urbanization in ancient India
Literally meaning urbanization is the development of a city civilization apart from rural culture. The rise of such a class and the rise of such productive class becomes necessary for urbanization which does not produce consumer goods themselves and second class, more food consumers than their food For the living, which is called agricultural surplus, it will continue to reach the surplus unproductive category for such administration. There is a need which is to fulfill this responsibility properly.So there is an essential element for urbanization- employed town, full-time ruler or administrator, educated class, agricultural surplus, tax system, business and commerce, currency system, division and measurement, communication And the means of transport, uniformity of script, systematic architecture and crafts, the creation of large monumental buildings, the establishment of religion, the rise of religious figures and the inclusion of the rural people Moving to the appropriate amounts towards the cities etc.
The use of Urban Revolution was first used by VG Child for the process, which in turn resulted in people of illiterate, uneducated agricultural culture, who were living in villages and other small places, gave birth to mixed and large civilization centers. The essential elements that the child has set are - 1. The emergence of full-time expert and ruling class, which is free from the work of general life. 2. Kark, Lagaan and Un The duty, a systematic system of withdrawal of gifts, through which the social surplus goes smoothly in the hands of the ruler or the upper classes.3. The construction of monumental buildings in the name of the Puja deities and the Sevya kings. 4. Astrology And dissemination.5. The emergence and dissemination of foreign trade and commerce.6. Regional organizations and powers, in place of the tribal and moving lifeWami Honakiske additional two to be certain elements must-Lknagron emergence and 2.
According to Panini, the city is in which all the trench and city walls are built around them or they have left the place to be built and in the middle, the site has been left to build the palace in the middle. According to Amalanand Ghosh, migrating rural populations to cities The identity of the city is not only by size and population, but in the form of the quality and occupation of physical life (Ramshan Sharma). Although the Epigraphic Survival is essential for the existence of a city, however, only non-agriculturist settlements can not be considered as urban centers. The concentration of artists and circulation of currency based exchanges are equally important features of urban life. In local schools, And township of artisans. 11th century viability defines the city of Kaiyat as if the city is a township which Wise and surrounded by a moat and artisans and merchants associations of the law and customs prevalent.
The rise of cities in India was about 2350 BC in Harappan Kansiyyuga, and after its expiry in 1750 BC, the rise of the cities took place in the plains of Gangagatti in 500 BCE. In the era, widespread use of iron weapons Dense forests were cleaned up.Under the use of iron filings in low ground, there has been an unprecedented increase in yield. A common farmer also, after fulfilling his requirement, A large part started to preserve as a surplus. By this surplus, the rulers, priests, artisans, artisans, soldiers, etc. living in the cities started to be reared. These people living in surplus cities, In the form of a donation of priests or in the form of a dakshina or as a profitable business in the unequal trade between the village and the city. The ruler in the city taxed from the countryside Used Soule and her share as salary, wages or alms.
The second major cause of urbanization was the practice of currency. The use of coins increased the trade volume. The exchange or transaction with the question of money became very easy. Due to the coins, the cash could be recovered. Family relations were weakened. Appointment of qualified staff was done on the pay scale. Fact: Craft, industry-development of the trade and rapid progress in commerce. Political and religious conditions of this era also led to encouragement. Some cities emerged as capital cities, with the rise of vast monarchs, where the majority of traders and craftsmen settled. The circulation of the coins became widespread. In this period The Jain and Buddhist approach to development was also very liberal towards traders and businessmen. They had personal wealth , Trade, debt, supported usury etc.
In North India, urban life was started in 500 B.E. In the Buddhist times, the cities grew rapidly. In the earliest Buddhist literature, there are mention of the six famous cities of Buddha's time - 1.Comp. 2.Raja House 3.Shravasti 4 .asaka 5. Kaushambi and 6. Varanasi. Apart from this, the cities like Vaishali, Mithila, Pratishthan, Ujjaini and Mathura were also famous. Taksila was a famous town of northwestern India. 600 BC to 300 CE Rw get proof of the existence of the 60 cities in India's were fast emerging as a major area of intellectual and cultural activities in the city as it marked.
Buddhism was the main source of livelihood of the common people. The invention of the equipment of Loha has intensified the production process in Gangagatti. Iron tools have been found from many places in dugs.Technical knowledge of the people had also developed sufficiently. Some persons There were large landmasses which they used to employ the majority of the workers to cultivate. All these mechanisms were in addition to agricultural production. Responsive around the Thekgavon which agricultural land was a known as a region other than personal property Thykkrisiogy land man 'claims' That was also the grasslands. It was considered as the right of all the people of the village. The rule of the villages was run by the Gram Sabha, whose president was a village-bearer or head. A major work of grazers was to collect tax from the rural people and give it to the emperor. The bumiker yielded from the sixth part to the 12th part of the produce. Apart from this, the management of Gram Sabha rural land and disposal of related disputes, In order to maintain peace and order and to work for the benefit of citizens, construction of roads like roads, construction of canals, ponds, wells etc. for irrigation, institutes, institutes and goddesses etc. would also be done. People used to get the things they needed in their own limits.People had developed a sense of co-operation. Their life was happy,
In the Buddhist North India, business and industry had reached a very developed state. In the holy texts, there are 18 types of industries mentioned. For the sake of growth, the mention of the village is mentioned where furniture and sea ships were built. For the word Kammamar is used. Pathankotak used to work on the stone crusher. Other entrepreneurs had an elephant There is mention of the makers, jules, confectioners, goldsmiths, potter, bow-arrow makers, Malakars, Vaidyas, astrologers, infested, hunter etc. All the business was not respected, some were called inferior. In this category hunters, Fishermen, slaves, workmen, sapreas, singers, dancers, heroes, jewelers, dancers, eunuchs, potter makers were included. Some villages and cities received great fame for their specific types of occupations. Had missed
The urban revolution that arose in Buddha dynasty, gave birth to a prosperous merchant class in the country. They used to deliver this additional production to the working areas. Different sources show that both the internal and external trade was in progress in Baikal. The northern Deccan From many places, the typical pottery of the Gangagatti clay, which is called the northern black luminous embolism (NBPW) There are pins, Which informs the regular trade between North and South. During this period, many famous business towns had come into existence within the country. The activities of traders used to transport goods from one place to another in the cartoons. In the texts, the mention of the activities of the merchants carrying goods with 500 to 1,000 trains is mentioned. The merchants of Shravasti, In relation to the caravan, Jataka literature refers to a trade route, which started from Shravasti, went to the Rajghat in the east and went to Takshshila, the capital of the Gandhar district in the north-west. The second trading route went from Shravasti to the south-west direction. Sultanipad shows that the trade routes of South and West were used to visit Kaushambi, From where the merchants used to take skills and go to Magadha, they used to go through the waterways of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers. Through the ancient texts, it is known that from the east to the west, the final point of trade route going through the river Ganga is 'Sahajati' From the tribe, the Yamuna flows through the river route to Kaushambi. The commercial route towards the west used to go to Sindh and Sauvir. Such a large north in the northwest. Thliy trade routes came to study in the majority of students, Taxila Thakisi are not Taxila from India, countries of Central and Western Asia.
In Jataka texts, there is mention of being taken from Champa to Suvarnabhoomi and Pataliputra from Tamillity to Lanka. In West India Bhrigukkutch and Sopara were famous ports where merchants from different countries used to carry and carry goods in their ships. Sprill with details of the Peripals and Pliny It happens that there was a close business relationship between India and the Roman Empire. The city dwells on the banks of rivers 400 E Mbi, Shazati, Ayodhya, Kashi, were major hotspots traders Mathura, roofing etc. 200 Ikpurw. In Bihar, the position of Champa, Pataliputra, Vaishali, Kahargarh and Chirand was very good in terms of craft and trade. Especially, many seals of artisans and craftsmen have been found in Bhita and Vaishali near Allahabad.
300 AD Almost all of the cities started to decline. Many factors can be liable for this fall. A major fall in trade between India and India can be taken as a major reason. To do business with India and other Eastern countries Because of this, the treasures of Rome were starting to empty. In this trade, iron used to be household items and silk, which was high in Rome. The rulers of Rome stopped the trade of such goodsGiven p.300 AD By the time, the trade in Rome had diminished with India. At the same time, with the end of the Kushan empire, India's trade was also a major setback along with Central Asia.The Siachen Route almost became almost deserted after 200 A.E. After arrival, it started in the 14th century. The prosperity of Mathura was due to the Central Asian trade. But the end of the third century ended and prosperity ended. For that reason the city of Taxila is also at the end of the fourth Has become a turning point
The major changes in the political sphere came in the form of a big curse for the cities. In the middle of 300 BC, the Satavahana empire in central India and the Deccan and the Kushan empire in the north were destroyed. With the large political units, feeding the urban people It was easy to raise taxes from the countryside to get food. Due to political support, the progress of crafts in the city is in progress and there is peace in the big area. There is convenience in business. Traders do not have to shell out small princes and chieftains everywhere. As long as the power of Satavahanas and Kushanas remained in power, they all get benefits till then. But when these kingdoms ended, only a few These cities have also been turned into port.According to Purportant Research, the leaf shows that Andhra, Karnataka,
The main cause of the collapse of the cities is related to social crisis. In ancient society, Vaish were mostly engaged in agriculture and commerce. Besides, they were the main sources of revenue. They were the only taxpayers in all four letters. In the case of Vaishyas and Shudras rebellion against the dominance of the upper castes, it is difficult to recover. Because of this rebellion, it was difficult to recover Due to the fact that the officials and other urban people, including Brahmins, could not have been fed. It seems that this rebellion happened in areas like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, where the system of Varanashram religion could not have been deposited much. In order to solve this problem, the kings had largely adopted the practice of land grants. All this was the result of the Jula effect, due to which large cities of the city Was gone and the emergence of feudal their remains.
The use of Urban Revolution was first used by VG Child for the process, which in turn resulted in people of illiterate, uneducated agricultural culture, who were living in villages and other small places, gave birth to mixed and large civilization centers. The essential elements that the child has set are - 1. The emergence of full-time expert and ruling class, which is free from the work of general life. 2. Kark, Lagaan and Un The duty, a systematic system of withdrawal of gifts, through which the social surplus goes smoothly in the hands of the ruler or the upper classes.3. The construction of monumental buildings in the name of the Puja deities and the Sevya kings. 4. Astrology And dissemination.5. The emergence and dissemination of foreign trade and commerce.6. Regional organizations and powers, in place of the tribal and moving lifeWami Honakiske additional two to be certain elements must-Lknagron emergence and 2.
According to Panini, the city is in which all the trench and city walls are built around them or they have left the place to be built and in the middle, the site has been left to build the palace in the middle. According to Amalanand Ghosh, migrating rural populations to cities The identity of the city is not only by size and population, but in the form of the quality and occupation of physical life (Ramshan Sharma). Although the Epigraphic Survival is essential for the existence of a city, however, only non-agriculturist settlements can not be considered as urban centers. The concentration of artists and circulation of currency based exchanges are equally important features of urban life. In local schools, And township of artisans. 11th century viability defines the city of Kaiyat as if the city is a township which Wise and surrounded by a moat and artisans and merchants associations of the law and customs prevalent.
The rise of cities in India was about 2350 BC in Harappan Kansiyyuga, and after its expiry in 1750 BC, the rise of the cities took place in the plains of Gangagatti in 500 BCE. In the era, widespread use of iron weapons Dense forests were cleaned up.Under the use of iron filings in low ground, there has been an unprecedented increase in yield. A common farmer also, after fulfilling his requirement, A large part started to preserve as a surplus. By this surplus, the rulers, priests, artisans, artisans, soldiers, etc. living in the cities started to be reared. These people living in surplus cities, In the form of a donation of priests or in the form of a dakshina or as a profitable business in the unequal trade between the village and the city. The ruler in the city taxed from the countryside Used Soule and her share as salary, wages or alms.
The second major cause of urbanization was the practice of currency. The use of coins increased the trade volume. The exchange or transaction with the question of money became very easy. Due to the coins, the cash could be recovered. Family relations were weakened. Appointment of qualified staff was done on the pay scale. Fact: Craft, industry-development of the trade and rapid progress in commerce. Political and religious conditions of this era also led to encouragement. Some cities emerged as capital cities, with the rise of vast monarchs, where the majority of traders and craftsmen settled. The circulation of the coins became widespread. In this period The Jain and Buddhist approach to development was also very liberal towards traders and businessmen. They had personal wealth , Trade, debt, supported usury etc.
In North India, urban life was started in 500 B.E. In the Buddhist times, the cities grew rapidly. In the earliest Buddhist literature, there are mention of the six famous cities of Buddha's time - 1.Comp. 2.Raja House 3.Shravasti 4 .asaka 5. Kaushambi and 6. Varanasi. Apart from this, the cities like Vaishali, Mithila, Pratishthan, Ujjaini and Mathura were also famous. Taksila was a famous town of northwestern India. 600 BC to 300 CE Rw get proof of the existence of the 60 cities in India's were fast emerging as a major area of intellectual and cultural activities in the city as it marked.
Buddhism was the main source of livelihood of the common people. The invention of the equipment of Loha has intensified the production process in Gangagatti. Iron tools have been found from many places in dugs.Technical knowledge of the people had also developed sufficiently. Some persons There were large landmasses which they used to employ the majority of the workers to cultivate. All these mechanisms were in addition to agricultural production. Responsive around the Thekgavon which agricultural land was a known as a region other than personal property Thykkrisiogy land man 'claims' That was also the grasslands. It was considered as the right of all the people of the village. The rule of the villages was run by the Gram Sabha, whose president was a village-bearer or head. A major work of grazers was to collect tax from the rural people and give it to the emperor. The bumiker yielded from the sixth part to the 12th part of the produce. Apart from this, the management of Gram Sabha rural land and disposal of related disputes, In order to maintain peace and order and to work for the benefit of citizens, construction of roads like roads, construction of canals, ponds, wells etc. for irrigation, institutes, institutes and goddesses etc. would also be done. People used to get the things they needed in their own limits.People had developed a sense of co-operation. Their life was happy,
In the Buddhist North India, business and industry had reached a very developed state. In the holy texts, there are 18 types of industries mentioned. For the sake of growth, the mention of the village is mentioned where furniture and sea ships were built. For the word Kammamar is used. Pathankotak used to work on the stone crusher. Other entrepreneurs had an elephant There is mention of the makers, jules, confectioners, goldsmiths, potter, bow-arrow makers, Malakars, Vaidyas, astrologers, infested, hunter etc. All the business was not respected, some were called inferior. In this category hunters, Fishermen, slaves, workmen, sapreas, singers, dancers, heroes, jewelers, dancers, eunuchs, potter makers were included. Some villages and cities received great fame for their specific types of occupations. Had missed
The urban revolution that arose in Buddha dynasty, gave birth to a prosperous merchant class in the country. They used to deliver this additional production to the working areas. Different sources show that both the internal and external trade was in progress in Baikal. The northern Deccan From many places, the typical pottery of the Gangagatti clay, which is called the northern black luminous embolism (NBPW) There are pins, Which informs the regular trade between North and South. During this period, many famous business towns had come into existence within the country. The activities of traders used to transport goods from one place to another in the cartoons. In the texts, the mention of the activities of the merchants carrying goods with 500 to 1,000 trains is mentioned. The merchants of Shravasti, In relation to the caravan, Jataka literature refers to a trade route, which started from Shravasti, went to the Rajghat in the east and went to Takshshila, the capital of the Gandhar district in the north-west. The second trading route went from Shravasti to the south-west direction. Sultanipad shows that the trade routes of South and West were used to visit Kaushambi, From where the merchants used to take skills and go to Magadha, they used to go through the waterways of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers. Through the ancient texts, it is known that from the east to the west, the final point of trade route going through the river Ganga is 'Sahajati' From the tribe, the Yamuna flows through the river route to Kaushambi. The commercial route towards the west used to go to Sindh and Sauvir. Such a large north in the northwest. Thliy trade routes came to study in the majority of students, Taxila Thakisi are not Taxila from India, countries of Central and Western Asia.
In Jataka texts, there is mention of being taken from Champa to Suvarnabhoomi and Pataliputra from Tamillity to Lanka. In West India Bhrigukkutch and Sopara were famous ports where merchants from different countries used to carry and carry goods in their ships. Sprill with details of the Peripals and Pliny It happens that there was a close business relationship between India and the Roman Empire. The city dwells on the banks of rivers 400 E Mbi, Shazati, Ayodhya, Kashi, were major hotspots traders Mathura, roofing etc. 200 Ikpurw. In Bihar, the position of Champa, Pataliputra, Vaishali, Kahargarh and Chirand was very good in terms of craft and trade. Especially, many seals of artisans and craftsmen have been found in Bhita and Vaishali near Allahabad.
300 AD Almost all of the cities started to decline. Many factors can be liable for this fall. A major fall in trade between India and India can be taken as a major reason. To do business with India and other Eastern countries Because of this, the treasures of Rome were starting to empty. In this trade, iron used to be household items and silk, which was high in Rome. The rulers of Rome stopped the trade of such goodsGiven p.300 AD By the time, the trade in Rome had diminished with India. At the same time, with the end of the Kushan empire, India's trade was also a major setback along with Central Asia.The Siachen Route almost became almost deserted after 200 A.E. After arrival, it started in the 14th century. The prosperity of Mathura was due to the Central Asian trade. But the end of the third century ended and prosperity ended. For that reason the city of Taxila is also at the end of the fourth Has become a turning point
The major changes in the political sphere came in the form of a big curse for the cities. In the middle of 300 BC, the Satavahana empire in central India and the Deccan and the Kushan empire in the north were destroyed. With the large political units, feeding the urban people It was easy to raise taxes from the countryside to get food. Due to political support, the progress of crafts in the city is in progress and there is peace in the big area. There is convenience in business. Traders do not have to shell out small princes and chieftains everywhere. As long as the power of Satavahanas and Kushanas remained in power, they all get benefits till then. But when these kingdoms ended, only a few These cities have also been turned into port.According to Purportant Research, the leaf shows that Andhra, Karnataka,
The main cause of the collapse of the cities is related to social crisis. In ancient society, Vaish were mostly engaged in agriculture and commerce. Besides, they were the main sources of revenue. They were the only taxpayers in all four letters. In the case of Vaishyas and Shudras rebellion against the dominance of the upper castes, it is difficult to recover. Because of this rebellion, it was difficult to recover Due to the fact that the officials and other urban people, including Brahmins, could not have been fed. It seems that this rebellion happened in areas like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, where the system of Varanashram religion could not have been deposited much. In order to solve this problem, the kings had largely adopted the practice of land grants. All this was the result of the Jula effect, due to which large cities of the city Was gone and the emergence of feudal their remains.
